FOMA 6: Five Spanish Houses
Our sixth edition Forgotten Masterpieces is completely dedicated to Spanish Architecture. Curated by Hidden Architecture tandem, Alberto Martínez García and Héctor Rivera Bajo, claim that only media has determined what is interesting in architecture.Therefore they cultivate self-conscious resistance instead of going with the flow of the market, preserving and recovering buildings, projects and theories online.
Spanish Architecture had a international recognition during the last decades that began with the Pritzker prize to Rafael Moneo in 1996 and achieved its highest moment with the opening of the exhibition On Site: New Architecture in Spain at the New York MOMA (2006). During this period a young generation of Spanish architects that grew up at the same time as the new democracy in Spain became important figures in the worldwide architectural discourse. This success did not serve to spread internationally the legacy of their masters, that taught them to understand the profession with a very specific approach. They were extraordinary architects, able to create an innovative architecture despite the external isolation. They were forgotten after the end of the Fascist dictatorship and had never the same recognition as similar in other countries.
For this edition of Forgotten Masterpieces we have selected five individual houses built between 1958 and 1978. These buildings summarize a very particular approach to architecture and the relation between the building, the site and the user. Each of these project can be analyzed with a single architectural concept that have defined Spanish architecture during these years, a concept that was reinterpreted by the next generation defining a local understanding of making architecture. These concepts are the following: materiality, geometry, structure, spatial relationships and landscape.
Although these houses might work with several of these approaches at the same time, we have decided to connect each house with a specific feature to explain them in an isolated form.
Miguel Fisac purchased an old storage farm building in the village of Almagro and renovate it in 1978 to spend time there with his family. The project readapts the existing layout with the focus on the domestic life around the courtyard. This courtyard introduces natural light to the interior spaces and creates lighting contrast to different rooms.
The main material of the Fisac House is the relation between the architecture of Castilla la Mancha with a radical and innovative use of the concrete. Fisac was very interested in the materiality of the facade, paying special attention of how these materials were created through its own process. From all the materials he used, concrete was the most contemporary due to its structural properties as well as its texture depending on its formwork. The strategy he used for his own house was to keep the materiality of the exterior facade (white walls and ridge tiles) but adding a new ornamental layer. A concrete frame wraps the entrance to the house and few windows that face the exterior. The form and texture of the concrete is made through a transparent filling sheet of polyethylene G800 that creates a glossy texture, which stays in excellent conditions for decades.
Fernando Higueras was an extraordinary and talented architect with many different approaches towards architecture. His figure was forgotten during the last years of his life within the most orthodox Spanish academic schools due to his heterodoxy facing projects. His recognition started through this house. He developed this project with the architect Antonio Miro at the outskirts of Madrid. Located on the hill, the house is separated from the topography through a platform that contains two different volumes. He places all the rooms, the living area and the kitchen in the main pavilion; a second pavilion, closer to the entrance stairs contains a small studio and the access to the mansard.
Beyond its functional organization, the building is defined by its structure. A system of concrete beams and joints, cantilevered perpendicular to the ground connect the interior with the landscape and offer sustainable solution to control the introduction of natural light to the interior. The existing vegetation climbs on the created platform. The walls of the house are made from local stone, a single structure decision repeated through the entire house creates the spatial aspects of the project and materiality of the building.
Alejandro de la Sota was probably the most influential architect of the second half of the twentieth century in Spain. His work included small furniture design, chairs, tables to large urban plans and entire towns. His personal approach gave to his project a transversal ideology that is visible in all the architecture implementations. His work stands out for the research of new typologies in housing projects and public facilities. For the quality of the construction he used simple handcraft details.
Jose Varela House was built on the highest part of the site facing east with the longest facade. The main spaces are located in the highest floor. A small vestibule divides the entrance from the living room that at the same time gives access to the sleeping area where the layout of the house provides accommodation for 14 people. All the bedrooms and the living room have access to different terraces. The architectural prototype of a courtyard house is here inverted creating different private exterior spaces. These connection between the landscape and the rooms was developed with the exterior walls (prefabricated concrete panels) that have different opening sizes creating a visual and physical hierarchy.
Francisco Javier Saenz de Oiza is a well known for his Torres Blancas, an organic housing in Madrid. He studies at the Higher Technical School of Architecture of Madrid. After the school he won a travel scholarship around United States where he discovered the Modern movement and works of Frank Lloyd Wright. Back to Spain he worked on rationalist social housing projects in madrid, which were typical for the period of dictatorship. The Fernando Gomez House was the first project where he started to apply his organic principles, closer to the landscape architecture.
The Fernando Gomez House is organized around a large fireplace where a three planes roof covers the entire home. A series of irregular walls divide the interior space and are extended beyond the roof to the garden creating an organic continuity between interior and exterior. Despite its complex geometry, the house is clearly divided in three different areas: a living and dining room, bedrooms and a service area.
Vallet de Goytisolo House is one of the three projects that Jose Antonio Coderch built in Madrid and it has been forgotten after he constructed the Girasol Housing (1966), which is considered as the master piece of Spanish architecture. This small house is organized in a L-shape around a courtyard and faces its views to the Guadarrama Mountains. Vallet de Goytisolo represents an evolution in modern architecture evolving the vernacular and Mediterranean influence that he had previously developed. The house is located in an urban environment and closed to the street creates its own intimate context. It reproduces the warm and atmosphere of the Mediterranean architecture.
The geometry of the house is created through a combination of trapezoids and rhomboids forming an interesting spatial game that divides and frames the private areas with the public spaces on the courtyard creating several balconies and exterior hallways. As Josep Llinas claimed Coderch always proposed an ethical approach of opposition or at least distance against the swinging of the academic and commercial world: “touched by the incontestable moral rigor of his soul, the form of the architecture disappear (added by the architect to the simple construction) and the professional instruments are substituted by an unbreakable respect to the truth and the confidence in the values that are beyond the architecture." [1]
-
[1] Coderch, an ethical dimension, paper published by Josep Llinàs in the book J.A. Coderch de sentmenat 1913-1984.