The Japanese pavilion for Expo 2000 in Hanover was designed by Shigeru Ban in collaboration with Frei Otto and Buro Hapold. The main theme of the Expo in Hanover was the environment and the basic concept of the Japan Pavilion was to create a structure that would produce the least possible industrial waste when it was dismantled. The goal was either recycle or reuse almost all materials that were used in the building. The first idea to the structure tunnel arch was performed using paper tubes, similar to the Dome of paper. However, the Dome of paper was limited by the high cost of wood joints. Shigeru Ban proposed a grid shell using long paper tubes and seamless. The tunnel arch was about 73.8 m long, 25 m wide and 15.9 m high. The most critical factor was the side throughout the long sides of tension, so instead of a simple arc Shigeru Ban chose a grid shell dimensional curves. In the building arches of laminated wood with a spatial mesh cardboard tubes 40 m in length and 12.5 cm in diameter polyester tied with ribbons combined. The foundations were composed of a steel structure and wooden planks filled with sand. The structure was covered with a paper membrane, especially manufactured in Japan to resist fire and water. This building was the structure of the world's largest cardboard.